Candle lamp



N. J. BAUMER Aug. 4, 1936.

CANDLE LAMP 3 sheetssheet 1 Filed Feb. 10, 1935 yNornb e r Baumer ,1

v wow'ww N. J. BAUMER CANDLE LAMP Aug. 4, 1936.

Filed Feb. lO 1933 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Norbert J. Baumer,

Mgg/W Aug. 4, 1936. N, J, BAUMER 2,050,151

CANDLE LAMP Filed Feb. lO, 1953 5 Sheets--Shee'cl 5 IN VEN TOR Ifor27e/' JI Ba unzer BY m L ATTORNEY5 Patented Aug. 4, 1936 UNITED STATES'PATENT' OFFICE 20 Claims.

This invention relates to candle lamps, and particularly to candle lampsdesigned as sanctuary lights.

A general object of the invention is to provide a candle lamp which,while not restricted to such use, is particularly adapted to satisfytherequirements of a sanctuary light', among which requirements aredependability of the lamp as to the amount and continuity of .luminosityit dispenses and the time it will function, simplicity of constructionand ease of refilling, and capability of thus dependably functioningwith candle material of high melting point.

'I'he invention is intended, therefore, to produce a candle lamp ofsimple 'construction and ease of refilling that will maintain adefinite, predetermined rate and duration of combustion under conditionsof climatic and temperature fluctuation encountered in the use of such adevice, that will ensure with either high or lowmelting-point candlematerial that the combustion of the candle results in a clearly visible,steady iiame of unvarying luminosity, shape and dimensions under thevariable operating conditions, and that will further ensure that thenecessary reiillings will these results.

In candle lamps of the prior art, considerable difficulty has beenexperienced, especially when attempting to use beeswax or the likehigh-melting-point candle material prescribed by certain ecclesiasticalbodies for sanctuary'lights, in the irregular melting of the materialabout the wick, the tendency being forV the melting to occur only over asmall area closely adjacent the wick, instead of uniformly over theentire top surface of the candle, with resulting' formation of a deepwell about the wick. ,This well formation occurs particularly when thelight is started burning in low temperatures or upon' a sudden loweringof the temperature at any time during the burning. With the formation ofsuch a well, the light recedes Within it and is thereby obscured; and,moreover, should the temperature then rise sufficiently to melt thesolid rim portion of the well, a flow of molten fuel into the welloccurs which is apt to extinguish the flame. vantage, incident to candlelamps of the type having a holder closely embracing the candlethroughout its length, has been the tendency of the candle material tocongeal from its molten state on the comparatiuely cool walls of theholder as the level of the material drops during the consumption of thecandle. These disadvantages, it is to be observed, follow from lack ofsufnot vary the uniformity of Another disad- (Cl. 24o-13)- use as asanctuary light which will meet the strictest requirements as to the useof high-meltingpoint candle material and which will also be free,

whatever the candle material used, from the dis-l advantageshereinbefore mentioned as incident to prior art lamps of this class.

For such a lamp, my invention contemplates a translucent container orholder having a central 'chamber completely receiving the candle andforming the combustion chamberthereof, with the holder of a multiplewall construction insulating the combustion chamber against the outwardescape of heat and of an inner wall construction absorbing heat from thecandle flame u and the uprising products of combustion and distributingthat heat to the' candle material in a manner keeping that materialiiuid across the entire top surface of the candle body. Thus the wick isprovided with an ever-ready supply of iiuid fuel to feed the flame, andadherence of the candle material to the sides of the container isprevented as is also that irregular melting of the material whichresults in the formation of wells .abouathe wick which obscure orextinguish the flamef The foregoing principles and advantages of myinvention and other principles and advantages thereof will more fullyappear from the following description, taken in connection with theaccompanying drawings, of certain concrete embodiments of the invention.It is to be understood, however, "that these embodiments are merelyillustrative examples of my invention in Y preferred forms, and that theinvention is not limited thereto but may be embodied in other vforms andconstructions of candle lamps Within of Figs. 2 and 3, looking in thedirection of the arrows on those figures, but with the candle itthesection line 2-2 of Fig. 1, looking downwardly in the direction of thearrows associated with that line on Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a horizontal transverse section along the line 3-3 of Fig. 1looking upwardly in the direction of the arrows associated with thatsection line on Fig. 1;' andy Fig. 4 is a section through thelongitudinal vertical axis of another form of candle holderembodying myinvention, with the candle shown therein in vertical side elevationalview.

Fig. 5 is a partial side elevational View of the candle holder shown inFig. 1 with certain additional features slightly modifying the Fig. lconstruction;

, Fig. 6 is a partial side elevational view of the candle holder shownin Fig. 4 with certain additional features slightly modifying the Fig. 4construction; and

Fig. 'l is a sectional view along the line 'i-V-l of Fig. 6.

The lamp may be of either the standing or hanging type, a stand lampbeing shown in Fig. 1; and this lamp'may have a base of any conventionalor desired design and material suitable for the mounting therein of myimproved candle holder which preferably, although not necessarily, has arounded bottom portion as shown in Figs. 1 and 4.

The form of lamp shown in Fig. l comprises a base or stand I of anyIsuitable material, such as brass, for example, of suflicient rigidityand strength to function as the supporting base of the lamp, and havingan upwardly extending cup-like annular flange 2, with terminal fingers3, for the mounting therein of my improved candle holder which forms themain body portion of the lamp.

The form of candle holder of my invention shown in Figs. 1 and 2comprises a double walled receptacle with a rounded closed bottom andcentral open top, of general cylindrical shape but tapering slightlytoward the bottom, with its inner and outerv walls, 4 and 5, of glassjoined together at the top but spaced apart elsewhere throughout theirextent to form an inter--walll or jacket space 6 about the candlechamber of the holder. The union of these outer and inner glass walls atthe top of the holder is preferably made by fusion of the glassduringthe manufacture of the holder, although it may be made, ifdesired, by a low-melting solder, such as one of the bismuth alloyshaving a co-eflicient of expansion approximately that of the glass partsto be joined, or any other suitable joining and sealing compound may beused. The jacket thus formed is designed, as a heat insulating jacket,to protect the central candle-containing and combustion chamber of theholder from external temperature conditions and prevent the escape ofheat outwardly from that chamber, and thereby conserve Within it theheat generated by the candle llame. To secure this functioning of theinsulating jacket, air may be .withdrawn therefrom to constitute thesame a vacuum jacket, or the air may be vreplaced by a fluid orsemifluid mass, of low heat conductivity, such as carbon dioxide, carbontetrachloride, hydrocarbon jellies (petroleum jelly), glycerine-gum orglycerin-resin (Canada balsam) or either of these with oil in emulsions,or water, alone or mixed witli other materials, for example. Analpha-monobromnaphthaline-gelatin jelly is especially suitable. Thejacket may be thus evacuated of air, or the air therein replaced by auid or semi-fiuid of low heat conductivity, in any suitable way duringthe process of manufacture of the holder. For example, this may be doneby the customary pump connection to an aperture 'i in the bottom portionof the outer glass wall of the holder and the aperture thereafter sealedover, as indicated by the glass seal tip 8, anda cap 9 supported on theexterior of the lamp holder base and cemented over the glass seal tip toprotect the same, as shown in Fig. 1. While the heat insulating jacketmay be either a vacuum jacket or one filled with a fluid or semiuid oflow heat conductivity, I preferably employ the same as a vacuum jacket,and Fig. 1 is intended to thus represent that jacket.

Preferably, and as shown in Fig. 1, the outer glass wall 5 of the holderis formed at its top with an outward annular bulge, as indicated at I0,to constitute an annular flange on that wall, over which the lower rimportion I I of the open-work ornamental cap I2 of the lamp isspring-pressed to mount and retain that cap in position.

My invention contemplates means for utilizing the products of combustionto prehcat the incoming airso as to further conserve thc heat of thecandle flame within the candle chamber as well as to prevent chilling ofthe flame and the candle material by contact therewith of unheated air,and further to so sub-divide the outilowing and inflowing streams ofcombustion gases and air as to prevent sputtering of the candle. In theexample of the invention shown in Fig. 1, such means comprises aheat-regenerator of cap-like form positioned over the open top of thecandle holder. As shown in Figs. l and 3, this consists of a grid formedby a corrugated strip I3 and a plain band or strip I4 wound, inside-by-side contact, from the outer circular boundary of the gridinwardly in an ascending spiral upon a wire frame member I5, with thecurved top surface of the cap-like structure thus formed sui-mounted byanother wire member I6, and the two wire members I5 and I6 boundtogether by a binding wire I1 so as to clampthe grid body between them.

The grid is snugly housed in the lower portion of the open-work top orcap I2 of the lamp, as shown in Fig. 1; and as thus housed, the gridpresents a large number of vertically disposed passages I8 of smallcross sectional area distributed over the entire surface of the grid,through which passages the products of combustion are vented and air forcombustion supplied. The upflowing gaseous products of combustion fromthe centrally disposed wick of the candle naturally in the main take thepassages in the central area of the grid indicated' at I9 in Fig. 3,thus heating the walls of those passages, which heat is quickly extendedthroughout the grid due to the continuity of the metallic strips, andthus the air for combustion, entering mainly through the passages in theouter area of the grid, is heated before it enters the candle chamber.It is also apparent that the large number of these relatively smallpassages spread uniformly over the entire area of the grid break up theentering air into finely divided currents and thereby prevent gusts ofair in the combustion chamber which would cause irregular name formationor sputtering of the candle.

While its use is not essential to the proper functioning of the lamp, itmay be advantageous to provide an air deflecting member, indicated at 20in Fig. 1. consisting of acentrally apertured metal plate having a rimportion clamped between the horizontal ledge 2| of the ornamental cap I2and the upper rim portion of the candle holder, and having an upwardlyflared portion terminating in the central aperture or mouth. The mainadvantage of such a deilector'is in deflecting the incoming air to thecandle flame when that ame is at its upper levels in fairly closeproximity to the wide open mouth of the candle holder. The deflectoralso serves to some extent to assist in the conservation of heat in thecandle chamber by in part radiating back to that chamber and in partconducting to the inner glass boundary wall of that chamber the heat itreceives from the uprising products of combustion. My invention furthercontemplates a candle holder having an inner wall construction absorbingheat from the candle flame and the products of combustion anddistributing that heat to' the candle material in a manner to assist inkeeping that material fluid across the top surface of the rcandle body.Ordinary glass will function to some degree to that end where, as alsocontemplated by my invention, the candle-containing chamber and thecandle are of such 'complementary shape as to closely fit the candle tothe chamber with a larger surface area of contact between them than isafforded by the customary circular cross-sectional contour oi'fthechamber and candle'. But I preferably use, in the form of the inventionshown in Fig. 1, a glass for the inner wall 4 of the candle holder of acomposition substantially increasing the heat-absorbing properties ofthe glass over that of ordinary glass.

By heat absorbing glass is meant a glass which will absorb radiationsbetween the extreme visible red and about 5 Mu (u). Various types ofheat absorbing glass are available under the trade name Heat absorbingglass, usually containing certain compounds as, for instance, those ofchromium, cobalt or nickel, which cause absorption oi' certainradiations. A heat absorbing glass which is especially suitable isCornings Aklo, Other good heat absorbing glasses are Cornings Lab.G124JA, Crooks Sage-Green (American Optical Co. Lab. #30 Ferrousli andCrooks Blue- Green (American Optical Co. Lab.` #59). The desired redcolor can be obtained by either` coloring the plastic jacket hereinafterreferred to, by adding red coloring matter to the heat absorbing glass,or by coating `(dashing) the heat absorbing glass with red glass.lGenerally, however, the inner wall of the candle holder is made of aglass which has the heat-absorbingA properties just stated but -which istransparent to all the light rays, whilethe outer wallis madeof ordinaryglass, that is, glass having the usual -low heat absorbing or high heattransmitting properties. and has the coloring matter incorporated in itscomposition rendering it essentially transparent only to those lightrays which must be passed to secure the desired color effect which, insanctuary lights, is generally ruby red.

My invention also contemplates such a depar-` wall from itscircular-line boundary at regularly spaced intervals inwardly toward thelongitudinal axis of the candle. This has the 'advantage of distributingthe heating effect of the container wall more uniformly over the toparea of the v candle and thereby substantially assists in keeping thecandle material fluid entirely across that area. This feature isembodied in the form of' the invention shown in Figs. 1 and 2, in whichthe inner glass wall 4 of the candle: holder is formed throughout themajor portion of the length of the holder, from near its bottomupwardly, with longitudinally extending inward bulges orridges 22, ofarcuate form in cross section as shown in Fig. 2; and the candle 23,which is a preformed body inserted in the candle holder,

is formed throughout the corresponding portion part along the heatedinner wall of the chamber. With a relatively deep candle holder havingan opening only at its upper end for escape of products of combustionand entrance of air, which is the form preferably used in my invention,if the holder is of the usual circular shape in crosssection-throughout, as the candle burns down upward diffusion of theproducts of combustion` and downward flow of air to feed the flamebecome more and more impeded until there is apt to be an accumulation ofdead gases in the holder.

and an insufficient supply of air to feed the flame, f

with the result of a sputtering flame and not infrequently itsextinguishment. The conformation of the inner chamber walls shown inFigs. l and 2, avoids those difficulties in the functioning of the lampbecause that conformation presents the chamber with an axial centralarea and well defined side areas along the walls of the holder,conducive to the ready upward diffusion, to a large extent through thecentral area, of the products of combustion from the candle .frame andto the down-flow of the air for combustion in substantial part throughthe side areas along :jthe inner wall of the holder. In other Words, the

circulation essential for the diffusion of the products of combustionaway from the candle flame and the supp'y of air to feed that flame issubstantially improved while at the same time the air is heated 'by itstraverse along the hot inner wall ofthe holder. This diffusion ofproducts of combustion upwardly from the candle flame and downward flowof air to feed the flame are further facilitated by the upwardly a-ringand downwardly tapering shape of the holder, upwardly flaring in thedirection of the outflow of the spent gases and downwardly tapering in'the direction required for the flow of air to the candle flame. Inaddition, that shape of the holder facilitates the insertion of thecandle into the homer in the r'eqmred intimate contact withcontainingchamber is particularly effective in insuring'intimate contactof the candle materialv in its fluid condition with the container walls.its walls.v 'I'he downward taper of the candieand thereby the maximumheat eiIect of those walls on that material.

In the form of candle container and candle shown in the drawings, it isto be noted that theterior wall of the container rst enter the openlower ends of the grooves on the candle and guide the candle to .andcenter it in its fully inserted position. Another advantage afforded bythis rib-and-groove arrangement which is of considerable practicalimportance is the support and accurate centering of the candle in thecontainer even when variations in the dimensions of the interior chamberof the candle holder and the cially lafter a body oi' molten wax hadi'ormedl candle prevent that snug ilt ofthe candle in that chamberthroughout the entire side surface and curved base portion of the candleshown in the drawings. .Some variations may occur in the dimensions ofthe candle-receiving chamber due to manufacturing exigencies as theglass container is generally made in a mold and variations may occur inthe thickness of the glass blown in candle-receiving chamber and thecandle may,

however, occur by shrinkage of the candle body through aging of thecandle material in candles withheld from use over a substantial periodof time after manufacture, such shrinkage being primarily caused by lossin moisture content of the wax and by thermal contraction. When thesevariations from standard size between the candlereceiving chamber andthe candle occur so that the candle is of less length and diameter thanrequired to snugly i'lt the container throughout the entire sidesurfaces and curved base portion of the candle, the rib-and-groovearrangement of the invention still functions to accurately center thecandle in supported position, for the upper ends of the ribs on thecontainer wall then so engage in the grooves in the candle and againstthe end walls of those grooves as to centrally suspend the candle on theends of those ribs without that lateral displacement or tipping of thecandle which would otherwise occur and which would result in-a one-sidedleaning of the wick to the point of' extinguishment of the llame,espeabout the wick, orl to an unbalanced play of the candle ilameagainst one side 'of the glass container.

The candle 23 is provided with the usual wick 25 extending axiallythroughout the length 0f the candle body and with a rigid base disk 26of metal or other suitable material for supporting the' wick in thefluid candle material after the candle' has burned down close to itsbase.

Where, as contemplated by my invention, the candle holder isprovidedwith a jacket exhausted of air or `filled with other gas to form a heatinsulator about the combustion space, it is highly desirable to makeprovision for avoiding that substantial scattering of pieces of thecontainer walls which is apt to occur upon breakage of the holder. Inthe embodiment of the invention shown in 5 Figs. 1, 2 and 3, theprovision for preventing scattering of pieces of the holder walls uponbreakage takes the form of a thin coating or layer 21 of a translucentplastic composition over the entire exterior glass surface of theholder. This coating 10 Vor layer may be formed of lacquer or celluloseacetateA or any other suitable hardened plastic composition. Cellulosecompounds of the formyl, acetyl and their ester groups and the variouscelluloid-like substances containing or made from l5 casein and/or bloodalbumen, gelatin, or the synthetic resins or condensation' products suchas phenol-aldehyde condensates, urea formaldehyde condensates, aldehyde(and keton) condensates, hydrocarbon-acid condensates etc. are examples20 of plastic compositions or products which may be used. The desiredcolor eiect of the light from the candle flame, which, as alreadystated, in sanctuary lights is generally ruby red, may be attained bymaking the inner or outer glass walls of 25 the holder, or both, of aglass passing onlythe light rays from the candle iiame which give thiscolor effect, or by incorporating in the outer layer of plasticcomposition the necessary ingredient to give the color effect. Where, asin the embodi- 30 ment of the invention shown in Fig. 1, the inner glasswall of the holder is made of heat-absorbing glass, it is generallypreferable to make that glass of a composition transmitting all thelight rays and absorbing only the heat rays, and employing in the outerglass wall or in the plastic coating the necessary ingredients to givethe desired color Fig. 4 shows another form of candle holder of myinvention designed to be used with the air heating grid and other partsof the lamp shown in the Fig. 1 construction. The candle holder shown inFig. 4 comprises a heat-absorbing glass liner 4' and an outer rigid andnon-shatterable jacket 5' of hardened plastic composition, such asbakelite or any of the other-plastic compositions previously mentioned.'lhe glass liner is held in the jacket by an out-turned annular iiange28 on the liner entering an annularV recess 29 in the jacket, and by aspring lock consisting of' a split ring 3l sprung into place in a recessin the jacket immediately above the line of junction of the linertherewith. The hner is also centered below in the jacket by a 'lug 3| onthe former entering a pocket 32 in the latter. 'Ihe space i' between theglass liner and the jacket may be lled with a iluid or semi-duid of lowheat conductivity, such as carbon dioxide or carbon tetrachloride, orany of the other fillers previously mentioned, in which ease thejointbe- 60 the liner and the jacket, as well as the spring lock, would becemented over to seal the inter-wall space. Y

The advantagev of making the outerwall or jacket ofl plastic compositionas in1 the Fig. 4 construction is that such a jacket has itself heatinsulating pro es, and therefore gives a heat insulation -in addition tothat derived from illling the inter-wall space with a iiuid of low heatcon- ,o ductivity. In fact, in the Fig. 4 construction the heatinsulating properties of the outer jacket itself are suilicient todispense, if desired, with the lling referred to, in which case theinter-wall 'space may be left unfilled with the iiuid but other- 75 wiseundisturbed. Or, a transparent binder may be used between the liner andthe jacket to make them adhere together. With all these variations, .theglass liner and outer jacket of hardened nonvitreous plastic compositiontogether form a shatter or scatter-proof candle holder or container oflow heat conductivity.

'I'he coating or layer 21 of hardened plastic composition on the outerglass wall of the candle holder in the Fig. 1 constructiomand theselfsustaining outer wall 5' of hardened plastic c'omposition of thecandle holder in theFig. 4 construction function not only to preventscattering of pieces pi' the glass walls of the holder upon breakage ofthose walls but also as reinforcing jackets about the glass walls to soreduce the liability of breakage as to render the candle holderpractically shatter-proof. Further, the coating or. layer 21 of hardenedplastic composition on the outer glass wall of the candle holder in theFig. 1 construction functions to a substantial extent as a heatinsulating jacket about the combustion chamber of the lamp, for, likethe outer wall or jacket 5' of the candle holder in the Fig. 4construction, it is of -a material of lower heat conductivity thanglass. i

To improve their functioning as reinforcing jackets about the glasswalls of the candle holder Without appreciable impairment of theirfunctioning as heat-insulating jackets, the coating or layer 21 ofplastic composition in the Fig. 1 construction andthe wall 5 of likematerial in the Fig.,4 construction may themselves be reinforced. Forexample, an inconspicuous wide-mesh metal screen or an expanded metalfabric may be stretched over glass wall 5 of the candle holder of theFig. 1 construction prior to the application to that wall of thecellulose acetate, lacquer or other plastic, the metal mesh structure`thus becoming embedded in layer 2 1 before its setting. A similar metalmesh structure may also be incorporated within the outer wall or jacket5 of the candle holder of the Fig. 4 construction during the molding orforming of the plastic comprising that wall. Figs. 5, .6 and 7 presentthe modifications of the Figs. 1 and 4 constructions here referred to.Fig. 5 shows a partial side elevational view of the candle holder shownin Fig. 1,

with the outer coating 21 of hardened plastic `composition partly brokenaway to expose a widemesh metal screen 33 stretched over the outer faceof the glass wall 5 of the holder' and embedded in the coating. Fig. 6is'a partial side elevational view oi.'v the candle holdr shown in Fig.4 withthe metal screen 33' shown in dotted lines as embedded in the wall5' of hardened plastic composition, while Fig. 7 is a sectional viewthrough a portion of the wally 5 on the line 1--1 of Fig. 6, showing thewire screen 33 -in edge view along its strands in its body of the wall5'.

What I claim is: f f 1. A candle lamp comprising the combination,with'fa candle, of a, translucent heat-insulating container surroundingthe sides and one end of said candle, said container having van outerboundary portion of material having a lower heat conductivity thanglass. 2. A candle lamp comprising, incombination, a candle -holderhaving acandle-receiving chamber with an o-pen top, a closed bottom',and a lateral boundary wall of general circular contour in cross sectiontapering in the downward direction from said open top to said closedbottom and provided with ridges spaced apart circumferentially locationwithin theA and running longitudinally of said wall and extendinginwardly toward the central vertical axis of the chamber, and a candlewithin said chamber of tapered shape and depressions in its sidescomplementary to said ridges fitting said candle snugly within saidchamber in contact throughout all its side surfaces with said boundarywall of said chamber.

3. A candle lamp comprising a. candle holder having an inner glass wallforming the candlecontaining combustion chamber and a jacket surroundingsaid Wall formed of non-vitreous and non-metallic material renderingsaid jacket translucent and less frangible and of lower heatconductivity than said inner glass wall. 15

4. A candle lamp comprising a multiple-walled candle holder having aninner glass wall forming the candle-containing combustion chamber, anouter glass wall forming with said inner wall a heat insulator jacketabout said combustion 20 chamber and a coating of non-vitreous material"on said outer wall rendering said coating translucent and non-frangiblewherebysaid coating is adapted to prevent scattering of glass outwardlyof said holder upon breakage of said glass walls. 25 5. A lampcomprising a combustion chamber provided with an opening for the escapeof the gaseous products of combustion and entrance of air forcombustion, and a grid device covering said opening and having aplurality of passages for 30 the ow therethrough of said gaseousproducts of combustion and air, said passag being formed of a pluralityof metallic walls in contact with each other at a plurality of pointsspaced along their surfaces adapting said walls to be heated 3 by theoutflowing gases and thereby heat the inflowing air.

6. A lamp as defined in claim 5 and in which said grid device comprisesa. supporting frame and one corrugated and one uncorrugated metal stripwound together in side contacting relation upon said frame in aninwardly ascending spiral starting from the outer boundary of saidframe.

7. A candle lamp comprising a glass walled" chamber having a closedbottom and an open top adapted to receive through said open top apreformed candle and to house the same entirely below said top and asurrounding translucent jacket of hardened plastic composition extendingfrom the bottom to the top ofsaid chamber,A sealed from communicationwith said chamber and filled with a uidof lower heat conductivity thanair.

8. A candle lamp comprising a candle holder having an inner glass wallforming the candler`,containing combustion chamber and a reinforcedjacket surrounding said wall, said Jacket comprising a. foundation ofhardened plastic composition and a wire mesh embedded therein.A y 9. Acandle lamp comprising the combination, with a. candle, of a holderhaving an inner glass wall forming the candle-containing kcombustionchamber, said wall being of a composition substantially increasing .theheatabsorbing and heat retaining properties of the glass abovev that ofordinary glass, and-a surrounding translucent jacket of no -vitreousmaterial having a lower heat conduct vity than that of glass.

10. A candle lamp comprising` a candle container having a. double glasswall forming an 70 intra-mural sealed space, and a translucent coatingof non-vitreous material on one face of said wall adapted to preventscattering of glass upon breakage of said wall.

11. A candle comprising an elongated solid fuel vuniformly decreasingcross-sectional dimensions from its wick end to its base and havinglongitudinally extending and circumferentially spaced grooves presentingcurved faces, said body form and surface conformation adapting saidcandle to snugly fit into a candle holder of comple-A mentary interiorconformation.

12. A candle as in claim 11 and further characterized by each of saidgrooves forming an arc of a circle in the transverse plane of greaterextent across the chord of the arc than depth of curvature measured fromthe high point of the curve to the chord.

13. A candle lamp comprising a candle container having an inner glasswall of a composition substantially increasing the heat-absorbing andheat-retaining properties of the glass above that of ordinary glass, andan outer translucent wall separated from said inner wail by an evacuatedspace. l

14. A candle-lamp comprising a translucent heat-insulating candle holderhaving an inner glass wall in the form of a cup-like receptacle having aclosed bottom and an open top adapted to receive through said open top apreformed candle and to house the same entirely below said top andfunction as the candle-combustion chamber, and an outer glass wallsurrounding and spaced Vfrom the sides and bottom of said receptacle andjoined with the glass wall of said receptacle circumferentially of therim portion thereof about said open top to form with said inner glasswall a completely glass-enclosed and permanently sealed inter wall spaceextending uninterruptedly about the sides and bottom of the combustionchamber.

15. A candle lamp comprising, in combination. a candle-combustionchamber having-an open top, a closed bottom and an annular side wall ofglass extending from said open top to said closed bottom, said glasswall being formed with ribs spaced apart circumferentially and runninglongitudinally of said wall toward the bottom of said chamber frombeglnningpoints in a transverse plane substantially below the open topof said chamber, said glass wall being free of said ribs above saidplane and substantially circular in interior cross-sectional contour,and a preformed candle inserted in said chamber, said candle being ofgeneral circular contour in cross-sectionandl having grooves in itssides complementary to said ribs and running longitudinally of saidcandle beginning at points in a transverse plane so below the4 wick endof said candle as to dispose said candle in said chamber entirely belowthe open top thereof in supported position on said ribs with said ribsengaging in saidgrooves to center said candle in said chamber. i

16. In a candle lamp, a double-walled heat-insulating candle holdercomprisingl an elongated cup-shaped glass receptacle adapted to receivea candle and forming the combustion chamber therefor, said receptaclehaving ari upper rim edge formingthe mouth of said combustion chamhe'for the, insertion of the candle therethrough into said chamber and forentrance of air for the candle combustion and exit of waste gases, anouter translucent wall of cup shape surrounding the bottom and sides ofsaid receptacle in spaced relation thereto and having an upper rim edgeadjacent the upper rim edge of said receptacle, and means comprising aclampingrng element engaging said outer wall and said receptacle attheir said upper rim edges to secure said receptacle and outer wallrigidly in their said spaced relation and form with said receptacle andsaid outer wall a completely enclosed interwali space surrounding theentire bottom and sides of the said combustion chamber.

17. A candle lamp comprising a candle-con- Itaining combustion chamberhaving an inner translucent annular wall, and an outer translucentannular wall spaced from said inner wall to provide an linter-wall spacelaterally surrounding said combustion chamber, with said inner and outerwalls formed respectively of materials giving said inner wallsubstantially greater heatabsorbing properties thansaid outer wall, and

closure means to air seal said inter-wall space.

18. A candle lamp as defined in claim 17 and in which said inner andouter walls are glass walls and said inner wall is of a compositionsubstantially increasing the heat-absorbing property of the glass abovethat of ordinary glass.

19. A candle lamp comprising a candle-combustion chamber having anannular glass wall formed'with internal heat-conducting ribs and withsaid wall and ribs thereof of a composition of glass havingsubstantially greater heat-absorbing properties than ordinary glass, anouter translucent annular wall spaced from said inner wall to provide aninter-wall space laterally surrounding said combustion chamber, closuremeans to air seal said inter-wall space, and a candle for fitting saidcombustion chamber and formed with grooves for fitting said ribs.

20. A candle lamp comprising a candle-contamin'g combustion chamberprovided with an opening at the top for the escape of the gaseousproducts of combustion and entrance ofv air for combustion, and acombined exhaust vent and air supply andheatingdevioe comprising a rigidcap body of heat-absorbing and conducting lmaterial mounted on saidcombustion chamber over said opening, said cap body having a pluralityof passages therethrough distributed about the central longitudinal axisof said combustion chamberand f separated from each other by solid wallsof the kmaterial of said cap body, each of said passages having astraight-line extent from end to end said extent as transversely ofv

